"Dirty Bombs" seem to be popular with the Fear Uncertainty and Doubt being hyped by the media and the Government. e.g. the BBC's fictional drama which showed the ill preparadness of the UK's emergency services to deal with even a small Radiological contamination attack, the recent emergency services exercises in Scotland and Newscastle which showed the same for real, and Home Secretary David Blunkett's mixed messages on the likelyhood of such an attack, and the dubious "News of the World" entrapment scam involving mythical "radioactive red mercury" have all been in the news recently.
In an almost exact parallel with the dreadful Osmium Tetroxide "poison gas" threat to the Tube, a US publication is running a "story" which was supposedly leaked to them by US Government Officials about a current terrorism case in the United Kingdom, details of which have not been released by the UK authorities, presumably due to some unfashionable concepts like "the right to a fair trial".
Is this "leak" actually from the UK Government, or have the Americans
just made yet another "intelligence background briefing" cock up, or is it actually Al Quaeda sympathisers or other people with a vested interest in hyping up and exaggerating the "dirty bomb" threat to the UK who are behind these "reports now circulating" ?
Reuters are reporting that "UK Terror Suspects Were Building Dirty Bomb - Time"
"WASHINGTON (Reuters) - British terror suspects arrested in August were trying to construct a dirty bomb and planned to attack targets in London, including the Heathrow Express airport rail line, Time magazine reported.
Senior U.S. law-enforcement officials told Time that according to reports now circulating, the arrests turned up a cache of household smoke detectors that the British suspect the group wanted to cannibalize for their minute quantities of americium-241, a man-made radioactive chemical.
While some officials said it was extremely unlikely enough americium could be harvested from smoke detectors to create a device strong enough to kill people or create radiation sickness, others argued that releasing even a small amount of radioactive material into a crowded stadium or subway station could trigger sensitive radiation sensors, incite panic and cause long-lasting contamination"
Getting information on the basic properties of chemical elements is incredibly easy - this information has been online since before any News or Government Departments have been, as it is exactly what the World Wide Web was invented for by Sir Tim Berners-Lee at the CERN. physics research centre.
"Smoke Detectors and Americium"
"Americium is a silvery metal, which tarnishes slowly in air and is soluble in acid. Its atomic number is 95. Its most stable isotope, Am-243, has a half-life of over 7500 years, although Am-241, with a half-life of 432 years, was the first isotope to be isolated.
Americium oxide, AmO2, was first offered for sale by the US Atomic Energy Commission in 1962 and the price of US$ 1500 per gram has remained virtually unchanged since. One gram of americium oxide provides enough active material for more than 5000 household smoke detectors."
So how many domestic smoke detectors are required to produce a "dirty bomb" ?
"Even swallowing the radioactive material from a smoke detector would not lead to significant internal absorption of Am-241, since the dioxide is insoluble. It will pass through the digestive tract, without delivering a significant radiation dose."
In other words this is even less of a real threat than the fictional "Osmium Tetroxide gas" or the alleged ricin plots (where no detectable amounts of ricin could be analysed) in the UK and even in France.
Where exactly is this vast network of "sensitive radiation detectors" which could be spoofed by the release of a tiny amount of Americium, and which would be fooled into causing mass panic ? It does not actually exist.
The Government have not spent money on Civil Defence for many years, and the few radiation detectors out there are not designed to protect the general public, only certain VIP locations.
A few things: americum oxide is an alpha emitter. The "radiation" doesn't pass through paper let alone skin. That's exactly why it's used: it can pass through clean air but not smoky air. So you're right, it's rubbish.
Osmium tetroxide is a little different. It would be terribly difficult to use it in an attack usefully (I mean by the standards of those making an attack) but it is very much a dangerous material. It has a great affinity for water so inhalation or getting it near your eyes is terribly dangerous: it can lay a layer of osmium metal over the mucous membranes which doesn't sound like a pleasant way to die/go blind.
I missed the NOW on red mercury....when was that? There are two red mercuries...red mercuric oxide which is a standard industrial material. There is also "red mercury" which is a pile of steaming dogshit, doesn't exist as a nuclear or any other type of warfare material.
Forgive my lengthy comment. I deal with these sorts of metals for a living.
News of the World "radioactive red mercury" entrapment scam:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1313272,00.html
It is noticiable that these alleged plotters have *not* been charged with any "dirty bomb" offences, despite the NoW hype, but with supplying money to or services to potential terrorists.
According to AFP:
http://www.turkishpress.com/turkishpress/news.asp?ID=29215
Given the NoW's history of payments to "witnesses", these charges probably will get thrown out of court, just like their alleged Victoria Becham kidnap plot hype.
The relative toxicity of Osmium Tetroxide probably does make it more of a health risk than Americium Oxide, but it is nearly as rare - world production of Osmium is less than 500 Kg per annum in the entire world.
There are so many other toxic chemicals which are far cheaper and deadlier and easier to get hold of.
they would be better off picking up those disposed cannisters in russia, which were dumped all ove rthe show.They would have no problems with customs, being as slack as they are.The person would not even have to "cover" the leaking radiation as he could just ride around cities with it on the back seat.
There are meant to be some radiation detectors at UK ports and airports, but not at all of them. Several attempts to sell small amounts of ex-Soviet bloc radioactive material have been detected by other countries radiation detectors e.g. Germany
For every "genuine Russian mafia" contact there seem to be several undercover police sting operations.
The question must be asked why the News of the World was allowed to proceed with this entrapment sting, rather than it being handled by as a proper undercover police or intelligence agency operation.
I'd suggest: (1) Because counterintelligence are too busy watching genuine threats to monitor journalists doing fatuous stunts as well. They don't have spies everywhere. (A good thing.)
(2) Idiot scare stories help promote the security agenda at the cost of the newspapers and tv and with plausible deniability. It acts as a sort of public-private partnership in panic-mongering. (A bad thing.)
Inhalation of a finely seperated Am-241/dirty bomb mixture would cause significant internal damage from Am-241. Six nanocuries (nCi) is the inhalation allowed limit of intake that would cause a 5 rem interal dose. Of course the terrorists would target huge populations. The outward effect would be total panic from the public.
If the only source of Americium Oxide that these alleged terrorists had access to was from domestic smoke detectors, which only contain a small speck of radioactive material each, it would seem to be completely impractical for them to buy or steal enough of them to contaminate any more than a vey small area by means of explosive.
Only a small fraction of anything attached to explosives remains finely enough powdered to be inhaled after an explosion.
Surely if they had access to the aerosol technology needed to get large numbers of people to inhale the material, they would rather use the technology for a biological weapons attack ?
even the flu virus could do what they want..if properly distributed.it would cause chaos. medical commpanies would not be able to keep up with a simultaneous worldwide outbreak as the infection rate would outstrip the vaccine supply.
Please tell me if one comes across red mercury is it really saleable?
Who are genuine buyers not conmen?
The raison d'être of any nuclear weapon is part physiological effect, part psychological effect - a point not lost on the target Committee at Los Alamos during the selection of Japanese cities (http://www.dannen.com/decision/targets.html), or the wider scientific community (http://www.aip.org/isns/reports/2002/038.html).
As a Guardian article points out, an ideal active ingredient in a dirty bomb, more correctly termed Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD).would be cobalt-60, (http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,769645,00.html). This is the radioactive material found in food irradiation equipment and is a source of gamma rays. The radiation used to treat food varies depending on the process, (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_pasteurization), but is between of between 1 and 30 kGy (http://www.food-irradiation.com/Today97.htm). However, as the Gaurdian article points out, the availability of colbalt-60 tubes is likely to be limited and since the aim of any proto-nuclear-terrorist is terror, the same effect may be possible by using Americium-241 from household smoke detectors.
The question is “how many smoke detectors does it take to fool a government agency in to believing that there is a credible threat from a detonated dirty bomb?”
Since the government is likely to presume that any release of radioactive material via a planned detonation in a public place is “serious”, the answer lies in how much disruption the bomb maker wants to achieve. Two factors are area and efficacy. There are several sources on the effect of exposure:
· To increases the risk of developing cancer by 1% (http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/Radiation.html).
· The reported LD50 for a healthy male is around 500 REM (http://ehs.ucdavis.edu/hp/hydprob/index.cfm).
· It is also reported that an acute dose of 1 Gy gives a probability of fatal cancer of 1 person in 10 so exposed (http://wildlife1.usask.ca/ccwhc2003/short_course2000/tox-3.htm)
· 100 mSv - Risk of cancer later in life (5 in 1000) (http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/ionizing.html)
· The international "safe" limit laid down for persons who work with radiation is 20 mSv per year, averaged over 5 years and not more than 50 mSv in any one year. (www.doh.gov.za/department/radiation/ codeofpractice/radionuclides/fire.pdf)
Therefore the RDD would need to convince the government agency that the RDD is able to deliver a dose equivalent upwards of 1 REM or 10 mSv Sievert.
Americium-241 is a low level alpha emitter and is not water-soluble, and is therefore “low risk”, even if ingested – hence its use in smoke detectors. It does not follow, however, that a Americium-241 could not be used as the radioactive ingredient in an RDD. The radiation from Americium-241 can cause a Geiger tube to overexcite and indicate a higher level of radiation than is actually present. (http://www.seintl.com/english/basics.htm). Furthermore, airborne Americium-241, say an aerosol created from an explosion, can pose a considerable risk. Whereas alpha radiation has difficulty perpetrating the epidermis, internal organs, such as the lungs are more vulnerable.
Leeds University Risk Assessment & Protocol Information Sheet No. 37 (www.leeds.ac.uk/safety/radiation/rpainfo/inf037.pdf ) suggest that he ingestion of the maximum activity (370 MBq Am241) would give rise to a fatal internal dose of 74 Sv. (NB 1 Bq = 1 event of radiation emission per second).
The Americium-241 in a typical household smoke detector is reported as delivering 1 micro curie or around 37kBq (kilo-becquerel), which is 37,000 disintegrations per second. (http://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/q4071.html and www.uic.com.au/ral.pdf); and one milligram (mg) is 1167 million Bq (www.llrc.org/jargonbuster.htm).
It follows, therefore, that the University of Leeds believe that the ingestion of the Americium-241 from 10,000 smoke detectors would be fatal, which is equivalent to 0.3 milligrams.
If the RDD needs to deliver 10 mSv, this equates to 1/7400th of 0.3 milligrams = 40 picograms ingested, or the Americium-241 from about one and a third smoke detectors per supposed victim.
It is to be expected that the RDD would be very inefficient at delivering ingested Americium-241, due to tidal volume of the lungs, the inefficient creation of an aerosol, evacuation of the affected area caused by the detonation of the RDD etc. The population density is also a factor. If RDD was to be effective over a small area, say 1000 square meters and assuming that an available uptake of 1mSv per square meter, which equates to around 400 milligrams of Americium-241, or 1500 smoke detectors.